This practice has been prevalent in China, India, Greece, and numerous other nations for an extended period. For consumers in the United States and Western countries, Commiphora mukul is a readily available over-the-counter dietary supplement. The potential medicinal and commercial benefits of Commiphora mukul call for additional research and analysis.
This paper comprehensively analyzes historical records, application guidelines, phytochemical composition, pharmacokinetic properties, pharmacological effects, clinical trials, and adverse effects associated with *C. mukul*, offering a framework for its broad application in fundamental research, novel drug development, and clinical practice.
The process of collecting literature involved consulting databases such as PubMed, CNKI, Web of Science, and TBRC, and also drawing upon various sources like ancient traditional medicine books, classic herbal medicine texts, and modern monographs. This study provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the historical application and contemporary pharmacological research of C. mukul across various ethnic medical traditions.
The substantial body of literature regarding C. mukul highlights an exceptional consistency in the reported variations, morphological features, geographic distribution, and descriptions across Unani, Ayurvedic, Traditional Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Uygur medicinal systems. The medicinal properties of Commiphora mukul are harnessed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, heart disease, obesity, hemorrhoids, urinary tract disorders, skin conditions, inflammation, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, tumors, and various other ailments. A common element in various ethnic medicinal preparations was the core medicinal material combination of C. mukul and Terminalia chebula Retz. C. mukul-Moschus, along with its various associated components, such as Aucklandia lappa, are often examined together in botanical research. The term 'Decne' is intriguing, and worthy of further study. Instances of (52 times), and C. mukul-Acorus calamus L (27 times) must be plentiful. Through phytochemical research, 150 distinct components with varying structural motifs were isolated and characterized. C. mukul primarily contains the isomers Z- and E-guggulsterone. C. mukul's pharmacological properties encompass anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, bone resorption prevention, nervous system protection, myocardial safeguarding, antibacterial effects, and other notable actions. Scientific investigations, solely through clinical studies, have uncovered C. mukul's impact on hemorrhoids and blood lipid reduction.
The national traditional medicine system frequently utilizes C. mukul, a resource rich in chemical constituents and known for its diverse pharmacological activities. This study highlights the prevailing trend in current research on C. mukul, which predominantly centers on its chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. In contrast to other areas, scientific research on the quality control of medicinal substances, the verification of plant sources, the study of pharmacokinetics, and toxicology testing is rather weak; hence, considerable strengthening of research in this domain is essential.
National traditional medicine prominently features C. mukul, a substance rich in chemical constituents and exhibiting a wide array of pharmacological activities. This investigation determined that present research concerning C. mukul is primarily concentrated on its chemical makeup and its medicinal attributes. Research efforts concerning the quality assessment of medicinal materials, the precise determination of plant origins, the study of drug movement within the body, and toxicological evaluations are, however, relatively weak, requiring considerable strengthening.
Accurately forecasting the oral absorption of drugs from supersaturated drug delivery systems (SDDS) presents a persistent difficulty. This study examined the relationship between the extent and duration of supersaturation and the in vivo absorption of dipyridamole and ketoconazole. A method of adjusting pH was utilized to create supersaturated suspensions in various dose concentrations, and their subsequent in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption characteristics were ascertained. Rapid precipitation of dipyridamole resulted in a decrease in the duration of its supersaturation as the dose concentration elevated. At high concentrations of ketoconazole, dissolved concentrations initially remained constant, likely due to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) acting as a reservoir. However, the observed rate of ketoconazole reaching its peak plasma concentration in rats was unaffected by the LLPS, suggesting the drug was promptly liberated from the oil into the surrounding aqueous medium. For both model drugs, the degree of supersaturation was associated with systemic exposure, but the duration was not, indicating that the drugs absorbed rapidly before precipitation. Thus, the amount of supersaturation is a significant criterion when weighed against the duration of supersaturation in improving the in vivo uptake of highly permeable drugs. The implications of these findings are substantial for the development of a robust SDDS.
High hygroscopicity of hydrophilic polymers and the supersaturation of ASD solutions contribute to the recrystallization risk and subsequent reduction in dissolution rates in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) exhibiting solubility advantages. low-cost biofiller To mitigate these difficulties, small-molecule additives (SMAs) from the Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) list were strategically integrated into the drug-polymer ASD. We have, for the first time, methodically exposed the intrinsic connection between SMAs and the characteristics of ASDs at the molecular level, and developed a predictive model for controlling the properties of ASDs. Hansen solubility parameters, Flory-Huggins interaction parameters, and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to determine the ideal SMAs types and dosages. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and adsorption energy (Eabs) calculations demonstrated that the distribution of surface groups within ASDs, and the adsorption energy (Eabs) values between the ASD system and the solvent, were key factors in determining hygroscopicity and, ultimately, stability. Component interactions, as suggested by the radial distribution function, were posited to be the crucial element impacting dissolution performance. By combining molecular dynamics simulations with simple solid-state characterizations, a predictive model for controlling the properties of ASDs was developed and subsequently validated through specific instances. This approach significantly reduces the time and cost associated with pre-screening ASDs.
Investigations into scorpion toxins have uncovered essential amino acid residues that impede potassium channel activity. NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis The -KTx family's most abundant toxins, which target voltage-gated potassium channels (KV), display a conserved K-C-X-N motif within the terminal half of their structure, specifically located in the C-terminus. Almost invariably, the X position of this motif is occupied by either methionine or isoleucine, as presented here. Across a panel of KV1 channels, the activity of three peptide pairs, each distinguished only by a single residue, was assessed, with the finding that methionine-containing toxins exhibited a preference for the KV11 and KV16 isoforms. The structural foundation of -KTx, the refined K-C-M/I-N motif, imparts high affinity and selectivity for KV channels.
With the rise in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections comes an increased mortality rate, thus motivating research into the development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including those found in the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps. To strengthen the net positive charge and antibacterial effect of AMP, proposed amino acid analogues with a single substitution on a positive side chain, predominantly arginine and lysine, were developed. To determine their antimicrobial potential, this study examines the analogs of M-PONTX-Dq3a, a 23-amino acid antimicrobial peptide found in the venom of the *D. quadriceps* species. Fifteen central amino acids of M-PONTX-Dq3a[1-15] fragment, along with eight arginine or lysine substituted analogues, were proposed. To assess the antimicrobial activity of peptides, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 P (MSSA) and ATCC 33591 (MRSA) strains were tested, followed by the measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum lethal concentration (MLC), and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). Flow cytometry analysis and the crystal violet assay were subsequently used to ascertain membrane permeability. The study explored the relationship between exposure duration and the survival of microorganisms (Time-Kill). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was subsequently utilized to evaluate ultrastructural modifications. selleck inhibitor Substitution of arginine in the peptides [Arg]3M-PONTX-Dq3a[1-15] and [Arg]4M-PONTX-Dq3a[1-15] led to their exhibiting the lowest MIC and MLC values, each found to be 0.78 M. During biofilm formation assays, the peptide [Arg]3M-PONTX-Dq3a [1-15] showed a minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of 312 micromolar for the two tested bacterial strains. Approximately 80% of membrane permeability was altered by both peptides' actions. Bacterial elimination was observed within 2 hours of MIC treatment, but the application of half the MIC concentration did not show any change in the bacterial population levels for up to 12 hours, implying a potential bacteriostatic characteristic. The treatment with 0.078M of both peptides, as evidenced by SEM, led to cell membrane disruption, weakened intercellular connections, and complete bacterial eradication by CLM of [Arg]4M-PONTX-Dq3a [1-15]. Therefore, this research elucidates two antimicrobial peptides that are active against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), concurrently inhibiting the biofilm formation of these bacterial strains. The research demonstrates [Arg]3M-PONTX-Dq3a[1-15] and [Arg]4M-PONTX-Dq3a[1-15] as potential replacements for treating antibiotic-resistant and/or biofilm-producing microorganisms.